Holiday
HSS人社C403 M7M8M9
在日常生活中,語言無所不在,如同正在閱讀這份課程綱要的你,也正在使用語言。不過,你知道你的大腦執行了哪些任務,讓你能理解這 份文件裡的每個字、每個句子的意思的嗎? 雖然我們把語言這項「技能」視作理所當然,但是語言本身是高層次的認知功能,大腦常常是在我們沒察覺地情況下,進行了很多精密的工 作,才使我們達到溝通交流的目的。雖然我們知道是大腦在支持語言的運作,但是日常生活中仍然有許多似是而非的言論與迷思,例如「她 腦波很弱,很容易就被說服了」、「那個腦傷的病人總是在胡言亂語,他應該發瘋了」、「六招開發大腦強化語言學習」等等。然而,腦波 真的有強弱之分嗎? 腦傷病人可以提供語言與大腦研究什麼樣的視野? 我們真的能透過開發大腦來加強語言學習嗎? 本課程將以深入淺出 的方式,除了描述語言的生理基礎、探討大腦在理解、產出語言所經歷的步驟,以及討論語言學習的議題。我們將引用最新的腦科學實證, 以輕鬆有趣的討論來破解有關語言與大腦心智運作的迷思。
Course keywords: 語言, 認知神經科學, 心理語言學, 神經語言學, 大腦, Language, Cognitive neuroscience, Psycholinguistics, Nuerolinguistics, Brain 課程大綱Detailed Course Syllabus 課程說明(Course Description) 在日常生活中,語言無所不在,如同正在閱讀這份課程綱要的你,也正在使用語言。不過,你知道你的大腦執行 了哪些任務,讓你能理解這份文件裡的每個字、每個句子的意思的嗎? 雖然我們把語言這項「技能」視作理所當然,但是語言本身是高層次的認知功能,大腦常常是在我們沒察覺地情 況下,進行了很多精密的工作,才使我們達到溝通交流的目的。雖然我們知道是大腦在支持語言的運作,但是日 常生活中仍然有許多似是而非的言論與迷思,例如「她腦波很弱,很容易就被說服了」、「那個腦傷的病人總是 在胡言亂語,他應該發瘋了」、「六招開發大腦強化語言學習」等等。然而,腦波真的有強弱之分嗎? 腦傷病人 可以提供語言與大腦研究什麼樣的視野? 我們真的能透過開發大腦來加強語言學習嗎? 本課程將以深入淺出的 方式,除了描述語言的生理基礎、探討大腦在理解、產出語言所經歷的步驟,以及討論語言學習的議題。我們將 引用最新的腦科學實證,以輕鬆有趣的討論來破解有關語言與大腦心智運作的迷思。 We use language to read and communicate. Now you are reading the descriptions of this course, but do you know the processes that your brain is being through to decode the meaning of each word and interpret the meaning of each sentence? This course introduces basic concepts of the brain and language. The topics of this course include, but are not limited to, the neural basis of language, the processes to comprehend/produce a sentence, and language acquisition. Since it has been taken for granted that we are empowered with language “skills,” we might not be aware that the brain has to go through sophisticated processes to achieve the communicative goal. In addition, there is some common misunderstanding between language and the brain. For example, we might see advertisement like “boost language learning by training your brain” on the internet. TV shows and movies might have conveyed the idea that patients of language disorders could lose their mind. In this course, we will evaluate these myths with empirical research. It is hoped that after taking this course, students can be informed and critical in language science research. 指定用書(Text Books) Pinker, S. (1994/2007). The Language Instinct. New York, NY: Harper Perennial Modern Classics. 中文譯本: Pinker, S. (2007). 語言本能:探索人類語言進化的奧秘。(洪蘭譯),台北:商業周刊。 參考書籍(References) Dechaine, R. M., Burton, S., & Vatikiotis-Bateson, E.(2012). Linguistics for dummies. John Wiley & Sons. Brennan, J. R. (2022). Language and the Brain: A Slim Guide to Neurolinguistics. Oxford University Press. 陳紹慶(2019)。心理學實驗研究法 https://scgeeker.github.io/EXPPSY_Opensci/ 教學方式(Teaching Method) 本課程以教師課堂講授重要概念為主,課程中會穿插小組討論和互動實驗,幫助學生理解課程精義。 The course will be conducted in a lecture format. We will have group discussions and in-class activities to help students better understand the content of the course. 教學進度(Syllabus) 單元一: 語言與大腦 Unit 1: Language and the Brain 第1週: 課程簡介 Week 1: Course overview 第2週: 語言的神經基礎 如何使用科學,特別是腦造影的方法來研究語言? 大腦裡真的有所謂的「語言區」嗎? 失語症病人的案例可以 怎麼告訴我們語言與大腦的關係? 我們的左腦和右腦是各司其職嗎? 左腦和右腦之間是如何溝通? 學者又是用 什麼方法來研究這樣的問題呢? Week2: Neural basis of language How can we use scientific methods, especially neuroimaging techniques, to study language? Do we have language areas in the brain? What can we learn about the relation between language and the brain from aphasia patients? Are the left hemisphere and the right hemisphere involved in different tasks? How do the two hemispheres communicate with each other? What are the methods to probe this question? 參考文獻 Reference: Benton, A. & Anderson, S. W. (1998). Aphasia: historical perspectives. In Sarno, M. T. (Ed.). Acquired Aphasia (pp. 1-24). San Diego: Academic Press. 參考文獻 Reference: Gazzaniga, M. S. (1967). The split brain in man. Scientific American, 217(2), 24-29. 第3週: 實驗室參訪 Week 3: Visit Neurolinguistic Lab at NTHU! Details to be announced. [公布作業一、於一週後繳交Assignment 1 will be posted, due in a week] 單元二: 大腦處理語言是怎樣的過程? Unit 2: How does the brain process language? 第4週: 語音辨識 我們如何區辨不同的語音?語音辨識和說話發音有什麼共同點? Week 4: Speech perception How do we distinguish speech sounds from acoustic signals? Are there anything in common between speech perception and speech production? 第5週: 字詞辨識 我們是如何辨識詞彙的? 是否我們在心裡存有一本字典呢? 詞彙辨識經歷了哪些階段呢? 大腦裡面有專屬辨識 詞彙的腦區嗎? Week 5: Word recognition How do we recognize words? Do we have a dictionary stored in our mind? What are the stages you go through when you recognize a word? Is there an area in the brain that is dedicated to word recognition? 參考文獻 Reference: Words, words, words. In Pinker, S. (1994/2007). The Language Instinct. (pp.119-152) 第6週: 詞彙表徵與語意網路 我們是如何辨識詞彙的? 是否我們在心裡存有一本字典呢? 大腦裡面有專屬辨識詞彙的腦區嗎? 大腦中是否有 對詞性(動詞vs. 名詞)比較敏感的腦區? 大腦中是否有對詞性(動詞vs. 名詞)比較敏感的腦區? 當提取多義詞的時候(如英文的Park 有公園與停車兩 種意思),是否兩個語意都會同時活化呢? Week 6: Lexical representations and semantic network Are some parts of the brain sensitive to the distinction between nouns and verbs? When a word is polysemous (e.g. “park” in English can be a public area or leaving a car), are all the meanings activated initially when you retrieve the word? 參考文獻 Reference: Lee, C. L., & Federmeier, K. D. (2012). Ambiguity's aftermath: How age differences in resolving lexical ambiguity affect subsequent comprehension. Neuropsychologia, 50(5), 869-879. 第7週: 語句理解 在理解句子的時候,我們只是被動地把句子閱讀完、聽人家把話說完嗎? 還是在不知不覺中,我們已經在猜測書 本、對方下個字會出現什麼呢? 大腦是否隨時隨地都在做預測呢? Week 7: Sentence comprehension When comprehending a sentence, do we passively wait for the linguistic inputs to arrive, or do we actively make predictions of the upcoming word? Does the brain make predictions all the time? 參考文獻 Reference: Van Petten, C., & Luka, B. J. (2012). Prediction during language comprehension: Benefits, costs, and ERP components. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 83(2), 176-190. (Read: 176-177) 第8週: 語言產出 [公布作業二、於一週後繳交Assignment 2 will be posted, due in a week] 我們所說的話都是完美、沒有錯誤的嗎? 口誤在口語表達中出現頻率高嗎? 仔細豎起耳朵觀察不同的口誤,什 麼類型的口誤最容易發生? 什麼類型的口誤幾乎不曾出現? 這中間的規律告訴我們什麼? Week 8: Language production Is our speech always perfect and error-free? Is it common to make speech errors when we talk? Pay attention to speech errors carefully. What kinds of speech errors are the most common? What kinds of speech errors are less likely to occur? What can we learn from the patterns discovered from speech errors? 參考文獻 Reference: Fromkin, V. A. (1971). The non-anomalous nature of anomalous utterances. Language, 27-52. 單元三: 語言發展與雙語研究 Unit 3: Language development and bilingualism 第9週: 語言習得 [期末報告分組 Assign final project groups] 學習語言有黃金關鍵期嗎? 有可能只看電視或是Youtube就把外語學好嗎? Week 9: Language acquisition Is there a critical period to learn a language? Can we master our language skills simply by watching TV or Youtube materials? 參考文獻 Reference: Baby born talking—Describes Heaven. In Pinker, S. (1994/2007). The Language Instinct. (pp.265-301) 第10週: 影片欣賞 Week 10: Film watching 第11週: 第二語言/外語習得 [繳交期末小組報告題目Submit final group project topics] 學習新的語言會改變大腦的結構? 哪些因素會影響外語學習的成就? 為什麼語言的有些層面(如文法、發音) 會 特別難學? 跟母語人士說話的時候,文法不好怎麼辦? 我們講母語有腔調嗎? 為什麼我們講外語很容易有腔調? Week 11: Second/ Foreign language acquisition How does learning a new language affect the biological structure of the brain? What are the factors that could impact the ultimate achievement of a second language? Why some aspects of language (such as grammar, pronunciation) are especially challenging for second language learners? Should we worry about grammar when communicating with a native speaker? Do we have an accent as we speak our native language? Why is it the case that we tend to speak a second/foreign language with an accent? 參考文獻 Reference: Abutalebi, J. (2008). Neural aspects of second language representation and language control. Acta psychologica, 128(3), 466-478. 參考文獻 Reference: Lippi-Green, R. (1997). The myth of non-accent. English with an accent: Language, ideology, and discrimination in the United States, 41-52. 第12週: 語碼轉換與雙語優勢 語碼轉換是怎麼回事? 我們的大腦是怎麼反應的? 能熟練地使用外語可以延緩阿茲海默症? Week 12: Code-switching and bilingual advantage What is code-switching? How does our brain respond to code-switching? Can mastering a foreign language delay the onset of Alzheimer disease? 參考文獻 Reference: Bialystok, E., & Craik, F. I. (2010). Cognitive and linguistic processing in the bilingual mind. Current directions in psychological science, 19(1), 19-23. 第13週: 語言相對論 我們所說的語言會影響我們怎麼看世界嗎? 法文的月亮是陰性的、德文的月亮是陽性的,所以和德國人相比,是 否在法國人的眼中,月亮是比較女性化的意象呢? Week 13: Linguistic relativity Does the language we speak affect the way we perceive the world? For example, in French, “moon” is a feminine noun while in German moon is a masculine one. Is the moon more feminine in French speakers’ mind than that in German speakers’ mind? 參考文獻 Reference: Mentalese. In Pinker, S. (1994/2007). The Language Instinct. (pp.44-73) 第14週: 專題演講 (題目待定) Week14: Guest speaker. Topic TBD. 第15-16 週: 小組報告 Weeks 15-16: Group presentations 成績考核(Evaluation) 出席 (課堂點名) Attendance: 10% 課堂參與討論 In-class participation: 10% 課堂上會有許多語言實驗、互動遊戲、希望同學積極參與課堂討論。We will have small group in- class activities and experiment demonstrations. Please participate fully. 每週課程心得與提問: 30% 本學期課程涵蓋許多主題,課後任選六個主題至課程平台的討論版發表心得、提問或是分享生活觀察。 After class, please choose at least 6 topics, write a reflection of what you learned in class and ask a follow-up question on the discussion board on eeclass. 課後作業 Assignments: 20% 學期中會有2個課後小作業,以中文或英文書寫皆可。學生於指定時間截止前上傳至課程平台。除非緊急狀況(須 繳交正式證明文件),一律不收遲交作業。 There will be 2 assignments throughout this semester. The assignments can be written in English or Mandarin, and should be uploaded to eeclass before the due date. Except for serious and documented emergencies, late assignments will not be accepted. 小組口頭報告Group oral presentation 30% 學生由教師分組進行口頭報告,報告題目可以是上課沒討論到的主題,但必須和「語言與大腦」相關。報告形式 為25分鐘的英文簡報,加上10分鐘的問答時間,問答時間以中文或英文進行皆可。評量方式將由教師與修課同 學共同評分。 Students will be divided into groups to research a topic related to “language and the brain”, and do a 25-minute PowerPoint presentation (in English) followed by a 10-minute Q & A session (can be either in English or Mandarin). This topic can be something that we have not covered in class. The presentation will be evaluated both by the instructor and the audience. 可連結之網頁位址 相關網頁(Personal Website) 無 Not applicable 採用下列何項 AI 使用規則 (Indicate which of the following options you use to manage student use of the AI) (4)本課程無涉及AI使用 Not applicable
MON | TUE | WED | THU | FRI | |
08:00108:50 | |||||
09:00209:50 | |||||
10:10311:00 | |||||
11:10412:00 | |||||
12:10n13:00 | |||||
13:20514:10 | |||||
14:20615:10 | |||||
15:30716:20 | |||||
16:30817:20 | |||||
17:30918:20 | |||||
18:30a19:20 | |||||
19:30b20:20 | |||||
20:30c21:20 |
Average Percentage 83.08
Std. Deviation 7.65
HSS語言學程,本課為16週課程。英語授課。
-
-
-